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The Berkeley Evolution Site The Berkeley site contains resources that can assist students and teachers understand and teach evolution. The resources are organized into a variety of learning paths, such as “What did T. rex taste like?” Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection states that over time, animals that are more adaptable to changing environments do better than those that are not extinct. This process of evolution is the basis of science. What is Evolution? The term “evolution” has a variety of nonscientific meanings, such as “progress” or “descent with modification.” It is an academic term that refers to the process of change of characteristics over time in organisms or species. The reason for this change is biological terms on natural selection and drift. Evolution is an important tenet in modern biology. It is an established theory that has stood up to the test of time and a multitude of scientific experiments. Evolution does not deal with spiritual beliefs or God's presence in the same way as other theories of science, such as the Copernican or germ theory of disease. Early evolutionists, including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Erasmus Darwin (Charles's grandfather), believed that certain physical traits were predetermined to change, in a step-wise manner, over time. They referred to this as the “Ladder of Nature” or the scala naturae. Charles Lyell used the term to describe this concept in his Principles of Geology, first published in 1833. Darwin published his theory of evolution in his book On the Origin of Species, written in the early 1800s. It states that all species of organisms have a common ancestry, which can be proven through fossils and other lines of evidence. This is the current perspective on evolution, which is supported by a variety of areas of science which include molecular biology. While scientists do not know exactly how organisms developed but they are certain that the evolution of life on earth is the result of natural selection and genetic drift. People with desirable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. They transmit their genes on to the next generation. Over time this leads to gradual changes in the gene pool, which eventually result in new species and forms. Certain scientists also use the term”evolution” to refer to large-scale evolutionary changes such as the creation of a new species from an ancestral species. Certain scientists, such as population geneticists define evolution in a broader sense by referring to the net variation in the frequency of alleles over generations. Both definitions are acceptable and accurate however, some scientists claim that the allele-frequency definition is missing crucial aspects of the evolutionary process. Origins of Life The birth of life is a key step in evolution. The emergence of life occurs when living systems start to develop at a micro level, such as within cells. The origin of life is a topic in many disciplines that include geology, chemistry, biology and chemistry. The question of how living organisms began is of particular importance in science due to it being an enormous challenge to the theory of evolution. It is often called “the mystery of life,” or “abiogenesis.” The idea that life could arise from non-living things was called “spontaneous generation” or “spontaneous evolutionary”. It was a popular belief before Louis Pasteur's tests proved that the development of living organisms was not possible through a natural process. Many scientists still believe that it is possible to make the transition from nonliving materials to living. However, the conditions that are required are extremely difficult to replicate in labs. Researchers investigating the beginnings of life are also keen to understand the physical properties of early Earth and other planets. In addition, the development of life is dependent on an intricate sequence of chemical reactions that cannot be predicted based on basic physical laws alone. These include the reading and replication of complex molecules, like DNA or RNA, in order to make proteins that perform a specific function. These chemical reactions are often compared to the chicken-and-egg issue of how life began: The development of DNA/RNA as well as protein-based cell machinery is crucial to the birth of life, but without the appearance of life the chemical process that allows it isn't working. Research in the area of abiogenesis requires collaboration among scientists from many different disciplines. This includes prebiotic scientists, astrobiologists and planet scientists. Evolutionary Changes The term “evolution” is used to describe cumulative changes in genetic characteristics over time. These changes may result from adaptation to environmental pressures as described in the entry on Darwinism (see the entry on Charles Darwin for background) or may result from natural selection. This latter mechanism increases the number of genes that offer a survival advantage in a species, resulting in an overall change in the appearance of a group. These evolutionary changes are caused by mutations, reshuffling of genes during sexual reproduction, and the flow of genes. Natural selection is the process that makes beneficial mutations more frequent. All organisms undergo changes and reshuffles of genes. This happens because, as mentioned above those who have the advantageous trait are likely to have a higher fertility rate than those without it. Over many generations, this variation in the numbers of offspring born could result in gradual changes in the amount of desirable traits in a population. One good example is the increase in beak size on different species of finches in the Galapagos Islands, which have developed beaks with different shapes to enable them to more easily access food in their new home. These changes in the shape and form of living organisms may also be a catalyst for the creation of new species. The majority of the changes that occur are caused by one mutation, however occasionally several will happen simultaneously. The majority of these changes are neither harmful nor even detrimental to the organism, however a small portion of them could have a positive impact on the longevity and reproduction of the species, thus increasing their frequency in the population over time. This is the mechanism of natural selection, and it can eventually result in the cumulative changes that eventually lead to an entirely new species. Many people think that evolution is a form of soft inheritance, which is the idea that traits inherited from parents can be changed through deliberate choice or misuse. This is a misunderstanding of the nature of evolution, and of the actual biological processes that lead to it. It is more precise to say that evolution is a two-step independent process that involves the forces of natural selection as well as mutation. Origins of Humans Humans of today (Homo Sapiens) evolved from primates, a species of mammal species that includes chimpanzees as well as gorillas. The earliest human fossils prove that our ancestors were bipeds, walking on two legs. Genetic and biological similarities suggest that we are closely related to the chimpanzees. In actual fact our closest relatives are chimpanzees of the Pan genus. This includes pygmy, as well as bonobos. The last common human ancestor and chimpanzees was born between 8 and 6 million years ago. Humans have developed a range of traits over time such as bipedalism, use of fire and advanced tools. It is only within the last 100,000 years that we've developed the majority of our essential characteristics. They include language, a large brain, the ability to build and use complex tools, and the diversity of our culture. The process of evolution occurs when genetic changes enable members of the group to better adapt to their environment. This adaptation is driven by natural selection, a process whereby certain traits are preferred over others. The ones with the best adaptations are more likely to pass their genes to the next generation. This is the way that all species evolve, and it is the basis of the theory of evolution. Scientists call it the “law of Natural Selection.” The law states that species that have a common ancestor are likely to acquire similar traits in the course of time. This is because these characteristics make it easier for them to live and reproduce in their environments. Every living thing has a DNA molecule that provides the information necessary to guide their growth and development. The DNA structure is made of base pairs that are arranged in a spiral around phosphate and sugar molecules. The sequence of bases found in each strand determines the phenotype – the distinctive appearance and behavior of an individual. 에볼루션카지노 in a population are caused by mutations and reshufflings of genetic material (known collectively as alleles). Fossils of the earliest human species, Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis have been discovered in Africa, Asia, and Europe. These fossils, despite some differences in their appearance, all support the idea of modern humans' origins in Africa. Evidence from fossils and genetics suggest that early humans moved out of Africa into Asia and then Europe.